Proposing a 2D Dynamical Model for Investigating the parameters Affecting Whiplash Injuries

[1]      Lawrence, S., Nordhoff, Jr., Motor Vehicle Collision Injuries, Biomechanics, Diagnosis and Management. Pleasanton California, Second edition, Jones and Bartlett publishers, 2005.

[2]      Kettler, A., Fruth, K., Claes, L., Wike, H.J., Influence of the crash pulse shape on the peak loading and the injury tolerance levels of the neck in in-vitro low speed side collisions. Journal of biomechanics 2005, pp. 51-58

[3]      Koch V., Nygern, M., Tingvall, C., Impairement Pattern in Passengers in crashes. A follow up of injuries resulting in long term consequences, Proceedings of the 14th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles, Munich, Germany, 1994, pp. 779-781

[4]      Temming, K., Zobel, R., Frequency and Risk of Cervical Spine Distortion Injuries in Passenger car Accidents: Significance of Human Factors Data. Proceeding of the International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact, IRCOBI Secretariat, Bron, France, 1998, pp. 219-233

[5]      Siegmund, G.P., Heinrichs, B.E., Chimich, D.D, Demarco, A.L., Brault, J., The Effect of Collision Pulse Properties on Seven Proposed Whiplash Injury Criteria. Accident analysis & Prevention 2003, Vol. 37 pp. 275-285

[6]      Kraft, M., When do AIS 1 Neck Injuries Result in Long Term Consequences? Vehicle and Human Factors, Traffic Injuries Prevention 2002, Vol. 3, pp. 89-97

[7]      Martinez, J. L. and Garcia, D. J., A Model for Whiplash. Journal of biomechanics 1968, Vol. 1 pp. 23-32

[8]      McKenzie, J. A., and Williams, J. F., The Dynamic Behavior of Head and Cervical Spine During Whiplash. Journal of biomechanics 1971, Vol. 4 pp. 477-490

[9]      Severy, D. M., Mathewson, J. H., and Bechtol, C. O. "Controlled Automobile Rear-End Collisions, an Investigation of Related Engineering and Medical Phenomena", Medical Aspect of Traffic Accidents, Proceedings Montreal Conference, pp. 152-184 (1955)

[10]   Linder, A., A New Mathematical Model for a Low-Velocity Rear-End Impact Dummy: Evaluation of Components Influencing Head Kinematics. Accident Analysis and Prevention 2000, Vol. 32, pp. 261-269.

[11]   Deng Y-C, Goldsmith W. Response of a human head/neck/upper-torso replica to dynamic loading-II: Analytical/numerical model. Journal of biomechanics 1987, 20(5): 487-97.

[12]   McConnell, W. Howard, P.R., Guzman, H. M., Analysis of Human Test Subjects Kinematic Responses to Low Velocity Rear End Impact. SAE Technical Paper, Paper Number 930899.

[13]   Luan, F., Yang, K.H., Deng, B., Begeman, P.C., Tashman, S., King, A. I., Qualitative Analysis of Neck Kinematics during Low Speed Rear-End Impact. Clinical Biomechanics 2000, Vol.15, pp. 649-657.

[14]   Ravani, B., Garcia, T., A Biomechanical Evaluation of Whiplash Using a Multi-body Dynamic Model, Journal of ASME  2003 Vol. 125, pp. 254-265.

[15]   Mertz, H.J., Patrick, L. M., Strength and Response of the Human Neck. Proceedings of the 15th Stapp Car Crash Conference, SAE Inc., New York, LC 67-22372, pp. 207-255.