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Proposing a 2D Dynamical Model for Investigating the parameters Affecting Whiplash Injuries | ||
| AUT Journal of Modeling and Simulation | ||
| مقاله 2، دوره 41، شماره 1، تیر 2009، صفحه 11-16 اصل مقاله (161.25 K) | ||
| نوع مقاله: Research Article | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22060/miscj.2009.216 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| Seyed Mohammad Rajaai؛ Mohammad H Farahani | ||
| چکیده | ||
| This paper proposes a 2D dynamical model for evaluating parameters affecting whiplash. In fact a four segment dynamical model is developed in the sagittal plane for the analysis. The model response is validated using the existing experimental data and is shown to simulate the "S-Shape" and "initial upward ramping" kinematics of the cervical spine and the resulting dynamics observed in human and cadaver experiments. The model is then used to evaluate the effects of parameters such as velocity change between rear vehicle and the target vehicle (), head/head restraint separation (backset) and the awareness of occupant on the whiplash injuries. It is shown that the proposed model can simulate whiplash phenomena very well; therefore it is a suitable alternative for other existing models. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها | ||
| Whiplash injuries؛ Dynamic model؛ Adams؛ Backset؛ Velocity change؛ Awareness | ||
| عنوان مقاله [English] | ||
| Proposing a 2D Dynamical Model for Investigating the parameters Affecting Whiplash Injuries | ||
| چکیده [English] | ||
| This paper proposes a 2D dynamical model for evaluating parameters affecting whiplash. In fact a four segment dynamical model is developed in the sagittal plane for the analysis. The model response is validated using the existing experimental data and is shown to simulate the "S-Shape" and "initial upward ramping" kinematics of the cervical spine and the resulting dynamics observed in human and cadaver experiments. The model is then used to evaluate the effects of parameters such as velocity change between rear vehicle and the target vehicle (), head/head restraint separation (backset) and the awareness of occupant on the whiplash injuries. It is shown that the proposed model can simulate whiplash phenomena very well; therefore it is a suitable alternative for other existing models. | ||
| کلیدواژه‌ها [English] | ||
| Whiplash injuries, Dynamic model, Adams, Backset, Velocity change, Awareness | ||
| مراجع | ||
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[1] Lawrence, S., Nordhoff, Jr., Motor Vehicle Collision Injuries, Biomechanics, Diagnosis and Management. Pleasanton California, Second edition, Jones and Bartlett publishers, 2005. [2] Kettler, A., Fruth, K., Claes, L., Wike, H.J., Influence of the crash pulse shape on the peak loading and the injury tolerance levels of the neck in in-vitro low speed side collisions. Journal of biomechanics 2005, pp. 51-58 [3] Koch V., Nygern, M., Tingvall, C., Impairement Pattern in Passengers in crashes. A follow up of injuries resulting in long term consequences, Proceedings of the 14th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles, Munich, Germany, 1994, pp. 779-781 [4] Temming, K., Zobel, R., Frequency and Risk of Cervical Spine Distortion Injuries in Passenger car Accidents: Significance of Human Factors Data. Proceeding of the International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact, IRCOBI Secretariat, Bron, France, 1998, pp. 219-233 [5] Siegmund, G.P., Heinrichs, B.E., Chimich, D.D, Demarco, A.L., Brault, J., The Effect of Collision Pulse Properties on Seven Proposed Whiplash Injury Criteria. Accident analysis & Prevention 2003, Vol. 37 pp. 275-285 [6] Kraft, M., When do AIS 1 Neck Injuries Result in Long Term Consequences? Vehicle and Human Factors, Traffic Injuries Prevention 2002, Vol. 3, pp. 89-97 [7] Martinez, J. L. and Garcia, D. J., A Model for Whiplash. Journal of biomechanics 1968, Vol. 1 pp. 23-32 [8] McKenzie, J. A., and Williams, J. F., The Dynamic Behavior of Head and Cervical Spine During Whiplash. Journal of biomechanics 1971, Vol. 4 pp. 477-490 [9] Severy, D. M., Mathewson, J. H., and Bechtol, C. O. "Controlled Automobile Rear-End Collisions, an Investigation of Related Engineering and Medical Phenomena", Medical Aspect of Traffic Accidents, Proceedings Montreal Conference, pp. 152-184 (1955) [10] Linder, A., A New Mathematical Model for a Low-Velocity Rear-End Impact Dummy: Evaluation of Components Influencing Head Kinematics. Accident Analysis and Prevention 2000, Vol. 32, pp. 261-269. [11] Deng Y-C, Goldsmith W. Response of a human head/neck/upper-torso replica to dynamic loading-II: Analytical/numerical model. Journal of biomechanics 1987, 20(5): 487-97. [12] McConnell, W. Howard, P.R., Guzman, H. M., Analysis of Human Test Subjects Kinematic Responses to Low Velocity Rear End Impact. SAE Technical Paper, Paper Number 930899. [13] Luan, F., Yang, K.H., Deng, B., Begeman, P.C., Tashman, S., King, A. I., Qualitative Analysis of Neck Kinematics during Low Speed Rear-End Impact. Clinical Biomechanics 2000, Vol.15, pp. 649-657. [14] Ravani, B., Garcia, T., A Biomechanical Evaluation of Whiplash Using a Multi-body Dynamic Model, Journal of ASME 2003 Vol. 125, pp. 254-265. [15] Mertz, H.J., Patrick, L. M., Strength and Response of the Human Neck. Proceedings of the 15th Stapp Car Crash Conference, SAE Inc., New York, LC 67-22372, pp. 207-255. | ||
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