پیوندهای مفید
آمار
| تعداد نشریات | 8 |
| تعداد شمارهها | 437 |
| تعداد مقالات | 5,648 |
| تعداد مشاهده مقاله | 7,657,315 |
| تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله | 6,327,252 |
Chromate Ion Transfer Through Mortar by Accelerated Migration Method | ||
| AUT Journal of Civil Engineering | ||
| مقاله 1، دوره 3، شماره 1، شهریور 2019، صفحه 3-12 اصل مقاله (1.02 M) | ||
| نوع مقاله: Research Article | ||
| شناسه دیجیتال (DOI): 10.22060/ajce.2018.14835.5501 | ||
| نویسندگان | ||
| N. Bakhshi1؛ A. Sarrafi* 2؛ A.A. Ramezanian pour3 | ||
| 1Mineral Industries Research Center, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran. | ||
| 2Department of Chemical Engineering, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran | ||
| 3Department of Civil and Environment Engineering, Concrete Technology and Durability Research Center, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran. | ||
| چکیده | ||
| Chromium (VI) is a highly toxic heavy metal which may be present in cementitious materials (CM) within its constituting elements or external sources and could alter the structure of CM and reduce its compressive strength. Therefore penetration of chromium is an important consideration in environmental engineering concrete structures. For estimating diffusivity of chromium (chromate ion) in cementitious materials, this paper presents an accelerated migration test method for determining the non-steady-state migration coefficient following the simplified Nernst-Planck equation. Likewise, the influence of water-to-cement ratio (w/c), the applied voltage the chromium binding capacity of cement mortar specimen (CMS) and the realistic concentration profile was investigated. For calculation of migration coefficient, the color reagent diphenylamine sulfonate was identified to determine the penetration depth of chromium into the CMS visually. The concentration of chromium was estimated to be about 0.025 percent (wt of CMS) at the discolored border region, and a drop of potential about 3.4 volts was derived. The changes in the microstructure of the CMS due to chromium migration testing were studied. The migration coefficient of CMS obtained between 1.06×10-12 m2/s to 3.25×10-12 m2/s. The w/c of about 0.50 has the highest migration coefficient. The realistic chromium concentration profile in the migration test has a gradual front, and a quadratic curve obeys. | ||
| کلیدواژهها | ||
| Chromate Ion؛ Cementitious Materials؛ Migration Coefficient؛ Profile | ||
| مراجع | ||
|
[1] T. Becquer, C. Quantin, M. Sicot, J.P. Boudot, Chromium availability in ultramafic soils from New Caledonia, Science of The Total Environment, 301(1) (2003) 251- 261. [2] R. Saha, R. Nandi, B. Saha, Sources and toxicity of hexavalent chromium, Journal of Coordination Chemistry, 64(10) (2011) 1782-1806.
[3] A. Husnain, I.A. Qazi, W. Khaliq, M. Arshad, Immobilization in cement mortar of chromium removed from water using titania nanoparticles, Journal of Environmental Management, 172 (2016) 10-17.
[4] J. Guertin, C.P. Avakian, J.A. Jacobs, Independent Environmental Technical Evaluation Group, (IETEG), Chromium(VI) Handbook, CRC Press, 2004.
[5] A.D. Dayan, A.J. Paine, Mechanisms of chromium toxicity, carcinogenicity and allergenicity: review of the literature from 1985 to 2000, Human & experimental toxicology, 20(9) (2001) 439-451.
[6] P. Sharma, V. Bihari, S.K. Agarwal, C.N. Kesavachandran, B.S. Pangtey, N. Mathur, K.P. Singh, M. Srivastava, S.K. Goe, Groundwater contaminated with hexavalent chromium (Cr (VI): a health survey and clinical examination of community inhabitants (Kanpur, India), PLOS ONE 7(10) (2012) 3-9.
[7] L.M. Hills, V.C. Johansen, Hexavalent Chromium in Cement Manufacturing: Literature Review, in, Portland Cement Association, USA, 2007, pp. 1-16.
[8] H.A. van der Sloot, Comparison of the characteristic leaching behavior of cements using standard (EN 196-1) cement mortar and an assessment of their long-term environmental behavior in construction products during service life and recycling, Cement and Concrete Research, 30(7) (2000) 1079-1096.
[9] P.H. Shih, J.E. Chang, H.C. Lu, L.C. Chiang, Reuse of heavy metal-containing sludges in cement production, Cement and Concrete Research, 35(11) (2005) 2110-2115.
[10] J.O. Okeniyi, O.A. Omotosho, O.O. Ajayi, C.A. Loto, Effect of potassium-chromate and sodium-nitrite on concrete steel-rebar degradation in sulphate and saline media, Construction and Building Materials, 50 (2014) 448-456.
[11] R. Roskovic, I. Stipanovic Oslakovic, J. Radic, M. Serdar, Effects of chromium(VI) reducing agents in cement on corrosion of reinforcing steel, Cement and Concrete Composites, 33(10) (2011) 1020-1025.
[12] J. Kotaś, Z. Stasicka, Chromium occurrence in the environment and methods of its speciation, Environmental Pollution, 107(3) (2000) 263-283.
[13] D. Stephan, H. Maleki, D. Knöfel, B. Eber, R. Härdtl, Influence of Cr, Ni, and Zn on the properties of pure clinker phases: Part II. C3A and C4AF, Cement and Concrete Research, 29(5) (1999) 651-657.
[14] N.D.M. Evans, Binding mechanisms of radionuclides to cement, Cement and Concrete Research, 38(4) (2008) 543-553.
[15] A. Kindness, A. Macias, F.P. Glasser, Immobilization of chromium in cement matrices, Waste Management, 14(1) (1994) 3-11.
[16] H.A. van der Sloot, Characterization of the leaching behaviour of concrete mortars and of cement–stabilized wastes with different waste loading for long term environmental assessment, Waste Management, 22(2) (2002) 181-186.
[17] M. Zhang, Incorporation of oxyanionic B, Cr, Mo and Se into hydrocalumite and ettringite: application to cementitous systems, 2000.
[18] J.Y. Park, W.H. Kang, I. Hwang, Hexavalent Chromium Uptake and Release in Cement Pastes, Environmental Engineering Science, 23(1) (2005) 133-140.
[19] A. Macias, A. Kindness, F.P. Glasser, Impact of carbon dioxide on the immobilization potential of cemented wastes: Chromium, Cement and Concrete Research, 27(2) (1997) 215-225.
[20] A. Vollpracht, W. Brameshuber, Binding and leaching of trace elements in Portland cement pastes, Cement and Concrete Research, 79 (2016) 76-92.
[21] S. Wang, C. Vipulanandan, Solidification/stabilization of Cr(VI) with cement: Leachability and XRD analyses, Cement and Concrete Research, 30(3) (2000) 385-389.
[22] S. Sinyoung, P. Songsiriritthigul, S. Asavapisit, P. Kajitvichyanukul, Chromium behavior during cement-production processes: A clinkerization, hydration, and leaching study, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 191(1) (2011) 296-305.
[23] Q.f. Liu, J. Xia, D. Easterbrook, J. Yang, L.-y. Li, Three-phase modelling of electrochemical chloride removal from corroded steel-reinforced concrete, Construction and Building Materials, 70 (2014) 410-427.
[24] J.H. Zhu, L. Wei, Z. Wang, C.K. Liang, Y. Fang, F. Xing, Application of carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer anode in electrochemical chloride extraction of steel-reinforced concrete, Construction and Building Materials, 120 (2016) 275-283.
[25] H. Lu, F. Wei, J. Tang, J.P. Giesy, Leaching of metals from cement under simulated environmental conditions, Journal of Environmental Management, 169 (2016) 319-327.
[26] EA NEN 7375 Determination of Leaching of Inorganic Components with the Diffusion Test -the Tank Test, in, Netherlands Normalisation Institute Standard, , Netherland, 2004.
[27] E.P. Agency, EPA 1315 Mass Transfer Rates of Constituents in Monolithic or Compacted Granular Materials Using A Semi-Dynamic Tank Leaching Procedure, in, EPA, USA, 2013.
[28] Nordtest, Concrete, mortar and cement-based repair materials: Chloride migration coefficient from non- steady-state migration experiments (NT BUILD 492), in, NORDTEST, FINLAND, 1999.
[29] S. Lorente, M.-P. Yssorche-Cubaynes, J. Auger, Sulfate transfer through concrete: Migration and diffusion results, Cement and Concrete Composites, 33(7) (2011) 735-741.
[30] P. Spiesz, H.J.H. Brouwers, Influence of the applied voltage on the Rapid Chloride Migration (RCM) test, Cement and Concrete Research, 42(8) (2012) 1072-1082.
[31] P. Spiesz, H.J.H. Brouwers, The apparent and effective chloride migration coefficients obtained in migration tests, Cement and Concrete Research, 48 (2013) 116-127.
[32] V. Elfmarkova, P. Spiesz, H.J.H. Brouwers, Determination of the chloride diffusion coefficient in blended cement mortars, Cement and Concrete Research, 78 (2015) 190-199.
[33] M. Aguayo, P. Yang, K. Vance, G. Sant, N. Neithalath, Electrically driven chloride ion transport in blended binder concretes: Insights from experiments and numerical simulations, Cement and Concrete Research, 66 (2014) 1-10.
[34] R.A. Patel, Q.T. Phung, S.C. Seetharam, J. Perko, D. Jacques, N. Maes, G. De Schutter, G. Ye, K. Van Breugel, Diffusivity of saturated ordinary Portland cement-based materials: A critical review of experimental and analytical modelling approaches, Cement and Concrete Research, 90 (2016) 52-72.
[35] B. Šavija, M. Luković, E. Schlangen, Modeling the rapid chloride migration test for concrete using the lattice model and characteristic Galerkin approach, in: N. Bicanic, H. Mang, G. Meschke, R.d. Borst (Eds.) Computational Modelling of Concrete Structures, Taylor & Francis Group, London, 2014.
[36] L. Jiang, Z. Song, H. Yang, Q. Pu, Q. Zhu, Modeling the chloride concentration profile in migration test based on general Poisson Nernst Planck equations and pore structure hypothesis, Construction and Building Materials, 40 (2013) 596-603.
[37] L. Tang, Electrically accelerated methods for determining chloride diffusivity in concrete—current development, Magazine of Concrete Research, 48(176) (1996) 173-179.
[38] L. Tang, L.O. Nilsson, Rapid Determination of the Chloride Diffusivity in Concrete by Applying an Electrical Field, ACI Materials Journal, 89(1) (1992) 49-53.
[39] G. Laforest, J. Duchesne, Immobilization of chromium (VI) evaluated by binding isotherms for ground granulated blast furnace slag and ordinary Portland cement, Cement and Concrete Research, 35(12) (2005) 2322-2332.
[40] K. Stanish, R.D. Hooton, M.D.A. Thomas, A novel method for describing chloride ion transport due to an electrical gradient in concrete: Part 1. Theoretical description, Cement and Concrete Research, 34(1) (2004) 43-49.
[41] E. Samson, J. Marchand, K.A. Snyder, Calculation of ionic diffusion coefficients on the basis of migration test results, Materials and Structures, 36(3) (2003) 156–165.
[42] K. Krabbenhøft, J. Krabbenhøft, Application of the Poisson–Nernst–Planck equations to the migration test, Cement and Concrete Research, 38(1) (2008) 77-88.
[43] K.-S. Huang, C.-C. Yang, Using RCPT determine the migration coefficient to assess the durability of concrete, Construction and Building Materials, 167 (2018) 822-830.
[44] ASTM C778-13, Standard Specification for Standard Sand, in, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, 2013.
[45] ASTM C305-14, Standard Practice for Mechanical Mixing of Hydraulic Cement Pastes and Mortars of Plastic Consistency, in, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, 2014.
[46] S.S. Potgieter, N. Panichev, J.H. Potgieter, S. Panicheva, Determination of hexavalent chromium in South African cements and cement-related materials with electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, Cement and Concrete Research, 33(10) (2003) 1589-1593.
[47] ASTM C642-13, Standard Test Method for Density, Absorption, and Voids in Hardened Concrete, in, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, 2013.
[48] ASTM D1293-12, Standard Test Methods for pH of Water, in, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, 2012.
[49] H.A. van der Sloot, Waste Materials In Construction, Putting Theory into Practice, in: J.J.J.M. Goumans, G.J. Senden, H.A. Van der Sloot (Eds.) International Conference on the Environmental and Technical Implications of Construction with Alternative Materials, Elsevier, The Netherlands, 1997, pp. 257.
[50] X. Chen, S. Wu, Influence of water-to-cement ratio and curing period on pore structure of cement mortar, Construction and Building Materials, 38 (2013) 804-812.
[51] E. Karkar, Developing and Evaluating Rapid Test Methods for Measuring the Sulphate Penetration Resistance of Concrete in Relation to Chloride Penetration Resistance, University of Toronto, Toronto, 2011 | ||
|
آمار تعداد مشاهده مقاله: 729 تعداد دریافت فایل اصل مقاله: 656 |
||